This work investigates the metabolic pathways underlying the seasonal growth of cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake. Due to the lake’s ecological importance as a water source for densely populated and economically significant areas, as well as its vulnerability to contamination, this metabolic study is particularly essential. It is investigated in detail the physiological and biochemical underpinnings of the seasonal variations in cyanobacterial growth, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic pathways that react to different stimuli in the environment. To improve the comprehension of the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms, the research employed a comparative examination of environmental metabolic data under various light, temperature, and nutrient circumstances. The main conclusions show that these organisms’ physiological responses are strongly influenced by temperature in addition to other factors. The intricate interactions between cyanobacteria and their environments are highlighted by this study, which has consequences for both ecological theory and the effective management of freshwater resources. However, further research is necessary because of the complexity of cyanobacteria metabolism and how it interacts with the environment remains unknown.